Can a worshipper who wants to perform a certainly missed prayer or an obligatory diurnal prayer of the same day as part of a congregation be connected to the congregational leader (imām al-jamāʻah) or the other congregants through a worshipper who is performing a probably missed prayer?
Q.| If one has failed to fast during the month of Ramadan without a legitimate reason and is now financially incapable of providing food to 60 needy persons for every day one failed to fast[1] or to alternatively observe 60 days of punitive fasting,[2] what is one’s obligation?
Should a father pay his child’s kaffārah without his knowledge or a husband his wife’s without her knowledge, would the child or woman in question be relieved of the duty to pay kaffārah?
If someone is told by his physician that he should not fast, but partially disregarding his physician’s instructions, he fasts every other day, is he obligated to observe compensational fasting for those days he heeded his physician’s instruction and did not fast?
If someone buys a second house in a place other than his hometown or primary area of residence to spend the summers and holidays there, is he obligated to pay khums on the value of the second house?
If a congregational leader, or imam, is performing a compensational prayer, can we join him in prayer, given that it is possible that he may be performing a potential compensational prayer, not a definitive one?
Believers who are incapable of performing the prostrations of the canonic prayers in their normal form (e.g. due to old age or physical impairment) typically sit on a chair and perform their prostrations by placing their heads on a table in front of them. First of all, does this count as a valid prostration? Second, how should they position the seven body parts integral to the validity of a proper prostration?
Q.| If someone misses several days of fasting during the month of Ramadan due to traveling, does he need to pay a financial penalty (kaffārah) in addition to the days of compensational fasting that he has to observe?